Inspection:
- posture: stiff back, stooped "?" (lumbar lordosis + kyphosis + ext cervical spine)
- muscle wasting - disuse atrophy
- decreased spinal range of movement in all directions (flex/ext, rotation, sideway flex)
- reduced chest expansion
- ' Wall test' - pt with back against wall (norm = occiput + scapula + buttock + heel all touch simultaneously)
- X-ray of whole spine - sacroiliac jt erosion, syndesmophytes (bamboo spine)
- symptomatic - analgesics, physiotherapy
- arthroplasty - hips (poor outcome)
- osteotomy - vertebral
